Self-efficacy Beliefs Differ From Outcome Expectations, Judgments

From The Social Cognitive Perspective, It Is Mainly Perceived Inefficacy To Cope With Potentially Aversive Events That Makes Them Fearsome. To The Extent That People Believe They Can Prevent, Terminate, Or Lessen The Severity Of Aversive Events, They Have Little Reason To Be Perturbed By Them. But If They Believe They Are Unable To Manage Threats Safely, They Have Much Cause For Apprehension.

Social Cognitive Theory Rejects The Dichotomous Conception Of Self As Agent And Self As Object. Acting On The Environment And Acting On Oneself Entail Shifting The Perspective Of The Same Agent Rather Than Reifying Different Selves Regulating Each Other Or Transforming The Self From Agent To Object

It Is Widely Assumed That Beliefs In Personal Determination Of Outcomes Create A Sense Of Efficacy And Power, Whereas Beliefs That Outcomes Occur Regardless Of What One Does Result In Apathy

Expected Outcomes Contribute To Motivation Independently Of Self-efficacy Beliefs When Outcomes Are Not Completely Controlled By Quality Of Performance. This Occurs When Extraneous Factors Also Affect Outcomes, Or Outcomes Are Socially Tied To A Minimum Level Of Performance So That Some Variations In Quality Of Performance Above And Below The Standard Do Not Produce Differential Outcomes

Dualistic Doctrines That Regard Mind And Body As Separate Entities Do Not Provide Much Enlightenment On The Nature Of The Disembodied Mental State Or On How An Immaterial Mind And Bodily Events Act On Each Other